Anti-VEGF Deficiency, Treatment Resistance, Pharmaceutical Changes and Combined Treatments in Diabetic Macular Edema

Diabetic retinopathy is the most important cause of blindness in developed countries today. The most important cause of visual impairment is complications related to diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative retinopathy. Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents are the first treatment option for central involvement diabetic macular edema (DME). Despite antiVEGF agents, some cases are refractory (persistent) to multiple anti-VEGF treatments. In this review, unresponsiveness to anti-VEGF treatment, switch and combination therapy in DME are mentioned.