Imaging in Pachychoroid Spectrum Diseases; Color Fundus Photography, Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography

The term of pachychoroid spectrum diseases is used to identify a group of diseases that are characterized by increase of choroidal thickness. The increase of choroidal thickness is caused by dilated vascular vessels in Haller’s layer and accompanied by thinning in the choriocapillaris and Sattler’s layer. The presence of characteristic morphological changes including structural and functional choroidal changes is the key pathophysiological basis for the identification of pachychoroid diseases. The spectrum of pachychoroid disease consists of different clinical manifestations that can progress from one to another. Multimodal imaging methods are used in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these diseases. In this review, color fundus photograph, fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography characteristics of pachychoroid diseases are discussed.